Table des matières:
Understanding the French Higher Education System
France offers a diverse and structured higher education system that can be confusing for international students. The different types of degrees in France follow the European LMD framework (Licence, Master, Doctorat), but there are also specialized paths like the Grandes Écoles, BTS, and DUT. This guide explains each degree level, its duration, and what it prepares you for.
The LMD System: Licence, Master, Doctorat
Most French universities follow the LMD system, which aligns with the Bologna Process to ensure international recognition.
Licence (Bachelor’s Equivalent)
The Licence is a three-year undergraduate degree (180 ECTS credits). It provides a broad foundation in a chosen field, such as humanities, sciences, law, or economics. Students can specialize progressively through parcours (tracks). After a Licence, graduates can enter the job market or continue to a Master.
Master (Graduate Degree)
The Master is a two-year program (120 ECTS) that deepens knowledge and often includes a thesis or internship. It is divided into Master 1 (first year) and Master 2 (second year). Some programs are recherche (research-oriented) or professionnel (professional). A Master is required for many high-level careers and is a prerequisite for a Doctorate.
Doctorat (PhD)
The Doctorat is a three-year research degree (180 ECTS) after a Master. It involves original research and a dissertation defense. Doctorates are typically pursued in universities or research institutions.
Professional and Technical Degrees
France has many vocational degrees that focus on practical skills and employability.
BTS (Brevet de Technicien Supérieur)
A BTS is a two-year vocational diploma in fields like business, hospitality, IT, or design. It is taught in lycées (high schools) or specialized schools. BTS graduates often enter the workforce directly but can also continue to a Licence Professionnelle.
DUT (Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie)
The DUT is a two-year university diploma offered in IUTs (Instituts Universitaires de Technologie). It is similar to a BTS but more academically oriented. DUT holders can pursue a Licence Professionnelle or a Master.
Licence Professionnelle
A Licence Professionnelle is a one-year program (60 ECTS) after a BTS, DUT, or two years of Licence. It is designed for quick professional integration, often with strong industry partnerships.
Grandes Écoles: Elite Institutions
France’s Grandes Écoles are prestigious institutions that admit students through competitive entrance exams after two years of classes préparatoires (CPGE). They offer degrees in engineering, business, and public administration.
Engineering Degrees (Diplôme d’Ingénieur)
This is a five-year program (Master level) accredited by the Commission des Titres d’Ingénieur (CTI). It combines scientific theory with practical projects and often includes internships. Graduates are highly sought after in industry.
Business School Degrees
Grandes Écoles de commerce offer Programmes Grandes Écoles (PGE) leading to a Master-level degree. These programs are often taught in English and include international exchanges. Many schools also offer specialized MSc or MBA programs.
Other Grandes Écoles
There are also specialized Grandes Écoles for fields like political science (Sciences Po), art, architecture, and military service (École Polytechnique).
Specialized Degrees in Arts and Humanities
France is renowned for its art schools and architecture programs.
DNA and DNSEP (Art & Design)
The DNA (Diplôme National d’Art) is a three-year undergraduate degree, while the DNSEP (Diplôme National Supérieur d’Expression Plastique) is a five-year graduate degree. These are offered in public art schools (écoles d’art).
Architecture Degrees (DEEA and DE)
The DEEA (Diplôme d’Études en Architecture) is a three-year undergraduate, and the DE (Diplôme d’État d’Architecte) is a two-year graduate degree. Both are required to become a licensed architect.
Medical and Health Degrees
Medical studies in France follow a specific path with competitive exams.
PASS and LAS (First Year)
Students enter medical studies through PASS (Parcours Accès Spécifique Santé) or LAS (Licence Accès Santé). After a rigorous first year, students take a competitive exam to continue.
DFGSM, DFASM, and Internat
After PASS/LAS, students progress through the DFGSM (2nd and 3rd years), DFASM (4th to 6th years), and then an internat (residency) for specialization. The full path takes 9-11 years.
Comparison Table of French Degrees
| Degree | Duration | Level (Bologna) | Typical Sector |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAP | 2 years | Secondary | Vocational trades |
| Baccalauréat | 3 years (lycée) | Secondary | General/tech/professional |
| BTS | 2 years | Undergraduate (short) | Technical/business |
| DUT | 2 years | Undergraduate (short) | Technology/industry |
| Licence | 3 years | Bachelor | Academic/general |
| Licence Pro | 1 year (post-BTS/DUT) | Bachelor | Professional |
| Master | 2 years | Master | Academic/professional |
| Diplôme d’Ingénieur | 5 years (post-bac) | Master | Engineering |
| Doctorat | 3 years | Doctorate | Research |
Frequently Asked Questions About French Degrees
What is the difference between a BTS and a DUT?
Both are two-year diplomas, but a BTS is more vocational and taught in high schools, while a DUT is more academic and taught in university institutes (IUTs). DUT holders often have an easier time transferring to a Licence.
Are French degrees recognized internationally?
Yes, most French degrees are recognized worldwide thanks to the LMD system. However, some professional degrees (like in law or medicine) may require additional certification in other countries.
What is a Grande École and how is it different from a university?
Grandes Écoles are elite institutions with selective admissions, smaller class sizes, and strong industry ties. They often offer more prestige but can be more expensive. Universities are open to all with a baccalaureate and are more research-focused.
Can I study in English in France?
Yes, many programs, especially at Master’s level and in business schools, are taught entirely in English. However, undergraduate programs are mostly in French.
What is a Licence Professionnelle?
A Licence Professionnelle is a one-year professional bachelor’s degree designed for quick employment. It is often taken after a BTS or DUT.
How long does it take to become a doctor in France?
It takes at least 9 years to become a general practitioner and up to 11-12 years for a specialist, including the internat (residency).
Practical Advice for Choosing a French Degree
To choose the right path, consider your career goals, language proficiency, and budget. Here is a quick checklist:
- Research fields: Look for programs that match your interests.
- Check recognition: Ensure the degree is recognized in your home country or target job market.
- Language requirements: Most undergraduate programs require B2 French; English-taught programs require IELTS/TOEFL.
- Cost: Public universities charge low tuition (around €170-380 per year for EU students), while Grandes Écoles can cost €5,000-15,000 per year.
- Admission process: Some programs require concours (competitive exams) or dossier (application file).
Understanding the different types of degrees in France is the first step to a successful academic journey. Whether you choose a Licence, a BTS, or a Grande École, each path offers unique opportunities. Take time to explore options and consult official resources like Campus France for guidance.
I’m considering studying in France and I’m confused about the difference between a BTS and a DUT. Which one is better for finding a job quickly?
Both BTS and DUT are two-year vocational diplomas, but a BTS is more hands-on and taught in high schools, while a DUT is more academic and offered in university institutes. For immediate employment, a BTS may be slightly more practical, but both have good job prospects and can lead to further studies like a Licence Professionnelle. Your choice should depend on your learning style and career goals.